The Frigid Golden Age: Climate Change, the Little Ice Age, and the Dutch Republic, 1560–1720.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
One of the ten best history books of 2018, according to the Financial Times.
Winner of the 2018 Atmospheric Science Librarians International (ASLI) Choice award for best history book related to atmospheric science.
Recipient of a featured review in The American Historical Review, and an H-Environment Roundtable Review.
Winner of the 2018 Atmospheric Science Librarians International (ASLI) Choice award for best history book related to atmospheric science.
Recipient of a featured review in The American Historical Review, and an H-Environment Roundtable Review.
Beginning in the thirteenth century, natural forces started cooling Earth’s climate. The “Little Ice Age” that followed would reach its chilliest point in the seventeenth century, when, according to many scholars, it destabilized societies around the world by ruining harvests and contributing to outbreaks of epidemic disease. The Frigid Golden Age is the first book devoted to explaining how a society thrived in the Little Ice Age. It argues that the precocious economy, unusual environment, and dynamic intellectual culture of the Dutch Republic in its seventeenth-century Golden Age helped it prosper as other societies unraveled in the face of extremes in temperature and precipitation.
The book pioneers a three-step method for connecting climate change to human history. First, it links gradual, global trends in temperature and circulation to changes in the frequency, variability, and intensity of weather in specific regions, such as the North Sea or the Svalbard archipelago. Second, it connects these regional weather events to specific human activities, from a naval battle to the creation of a new painting. Finally, third, it uses many of these local connections to trace broader relationships between climatic and human trends on the biggest scales in time and space. Unlike most other environmental histories of the Little Ice Age, it isolates the influence of climate change on human history by following all of these relationships not only in periods of acute climatic cooling, but also in the warmer decades that separated them.
The Frigid Golden Age reveals that global climate changes provoked local or regional weather that shortened but occasionally imperiled Dutch journeys to Asia; set the stage for the growth of lucrative industries in the Arctic; enriched merchants stockpiling grain; and encouraged innovations in domestic travel. Frigid winters permitted invasions of the Republic across frozen rivers but also weakened armies besieging Dutch cities, while new patterns of atmospheric circulation gave crucial advantages to Dutch fleets fighting English and French rivals at sea. Dutch artists depicted Little Ice Age weather and wrestled with its consequences, while entrepreneurs and inventors introduced technologies that mitigated or exploited its impacts on local environments.
These histories reveal, above all, that early modern farmers, soldiers, merchants, artists, and politicians often responded constructively, creatively, and even proactively to climate change. They were not the hapless victims that climate historians have often portrayed them to be. Their triumphs and failures have much to tell us today, as we struggle to adapt to a warming world.
The book pioneers a three-step method for connecting climate change to human history. First, it links gradual, global trends in temperature and circulation to changes in the frequency, variability, and intensity of weather in specific regions, such as the North Sea or the Svalbard archipelago. Second, it connects these regional weather events to specific human activities, from a naval battle to the creation of a new painting. Finally, third, it uses many of these local connections to trace broader relationships between climatic and human trends on the biggest scales in time and space. Unlike most other environmental histories of the Little Ice Age, it isolates the influence of climate change on human history by following all of these relationships not only in periods of acute climatic cooling, but also in the warmer decades that separated them.
The Frigid Golden Age reveals that global climate changes provoked local or regional weather that shortened but occasionally imperiled Dutch journeys to Asia; set the stage for the growth of lucrative industries in the Arctic; enriched merchants stockpiling grain; and encouraged innovations in domestic travel. Frigid winters permitted invasions of the Republic across frozen rivers but also weakened armies besieging Dutch cities, while new patterns of atmospheric circulation gave crucial advantages to Dutch fleets fighting English and French rivals at sea. Dutch artists depicted Little Ice Age weather and wrestled with its consequences, while entrepreneurs and inventors introduced technologies that mitigated or exploited its impacts on local environments.
These histories reveal, above all, that early modern farmers, soldiers, merchants, artists, and politicians often responded constructively, creatively, and even proactively to climate change. They were not the hapless victims that climate historians have often portrayed them to be. Their triumphs and failures have much to tell us today, as we struggle to adapt to a warming world.
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Ripples on the Cosmic Ocean: An Environmental History of Humanity in the Solar System
Under Contract with Harvard University Press / Penguin Random House / Donga M&B
Under Contract with Harvard University Press / Penguin Random House / Donga M&B
Self-landing, reusable rockets; inflatable spacecraft; fuel-free propulsion; even miniaturized “cube” satellites. Breakthroughs pioneered by new corporations and old space agencies alike have led to technologies once consigned to speculative science fiction. Together, all promise to sharply cut the cost of reaching deep space, in ways that may at last enable the human colonization of the final frontier. A new era in the history of humanity’s engagement with outer space seems to be dawning.
It may therefore appear like outer space environments are, for the first time, poised to play a major role in human history, after millennia of being little more than passive, immutable settings for the human story. Yet in fact, sudden and profound environmental changes across the solar system have long influenced cultures, altered economies, and provoked political upheaval on Earth. Recently, scientists, engineers, and military officers have even started to transform environments in outer space, and plans for more profound transformations are leaving the drawing board. The solar system has therefore been a dynamic actor in centuries of human history, shaping and increasingly shaped by ideas and institutions in societies the world over.
This is a story that has never been comprehensively told. Most historians assume that people have been entirely responsible for the human past. Even environmental historians, who investigate how nature and people have influenced one another through time, have focused only on terrestrial environments. Civilization and the Cosmos will be among the first environmental history books to consider deep connections between cosmic and human histories. It promises not only to transform how historians understand the human past and the forces that helped shape it, but also how scientists, policymakers, entrepreneurs, and space enthusiasts make sense of humanity’s expansion into the solar system.
Civilization and the Cosmos focuses on the cosmic environments that have had the greatest impact on human history: those of the Sun, Venus, the Moon, Mars, and Jupiter. In short chapters that deal with each of these places, the book moves from the center of the solar system (the Sun) to its icy periphery. Along the way, it offers a four-century-long history of strange interactions between human and nonhuman actors across wildly different scales in time and place.
It may therefore appear like outer space environments are, for the first time, poised to play a major role in human history, after millennia of being little more than passive, immutable settings for the human story. Yet in fact, sudden and profound environmental changes across the solar system have long influenced cultures, altered economies, and provoked political upheaval on Earth. Recently, scientists, engineers, and military officers have even started to transform environments in outer space, and plans for more profound transformations are leaving the drawing board. The solar system has therefore been a dynamic actor in centuries of human history, shaping and increasingly shaped by ideas and institutions in societies the world over.
This is a story that has never been comprehensively told. Most historians assume that people have been entirely responsible for the human past. Even environmental historians, who investigate how nature and people have influenced one another through time, have focused only on terrestrial environments. Civilization and the Cosmos will be among the first environmental history books to consider deep connections between cosmic and human histories. It promises not only to transform how historians understand the human past and the forces that helped shape it, but also how scientists, policymakers, entrepreneurs, and space enthusiasts make sense of humanity’s expansion into the solar system.
Civilization and the Cosmos focuses on the cosmic environments that have had the greatest impact on human history: those of the Sun, Venus, the Moon, Mars, and Jupiter. In short chapters that deal with each of these places, the book moves from the center of the solar system (the Sun) to its icy periphery. Along the way, it offers a four-century-long history of strange interactions between human and nonhuman actors across wildly different scales in time and place.